Areal Active Pixel Image Sensor with Programmable Row-specific Gain for Hyper-Spectral Imaging

ABSTRACT

An areal active pixel image sensor (AAPS) with programmable row-specific gain is disclosed for converting hyper-spectral light image into video output signal (VOS). The AAPS includes:
         a) An areal active pixel sensor (APS) array each capable of photoelectrically converting and integrating an incident pixel light into a photoelectric signal through an integration time period TNT with a photoelectric signal gain GPE.   b) A video output signal conditioner (VOSC), coupled to the APS array, for multiplexing and amplifying the photoelectric signals into the VOS with an electric signal gain GEE.   c) The VOSC further programmably sets at least one of GPE and GEE to be row-specific.       

     Consequently, the AAPS exhibits an overall photoelectric signal gain of GOA=GPE×GEE that is row-specific and it can compensate for image signal distortion caused by non-uniform spectral response of the APS elements during hyper-spectral imaging.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is related to the following U.S. patent application:

-   -   Title: “A Multi-resolution Image Sensor Array with High Image         Quality Pixel Readout Circuitry”, Inventors: Shengmin Lin,         Weng-Lyang Wang. U.S. application Ser. No. 11/869,732 Attorney         docket Number: CMOS003         whose contents are incorporated herein by reference for any and         all purpose and is referred to as U.S. Ser. No. 11/869,732.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to electronic imaging devices. More specifically, the invention provides an areal active pixel image sensor for hyper-spectral imaging.

2. Description of Related Arts

FIG. A illustrates a hyper-spectral imaging environment 1 wherein a prism 2 is used to separate a broadband light image 10 into a hyper-spectral light image 11 having numerous wavelength separated components: narrowband light image at λ_(a) 11 a, narrowband light image at λ_(b) 11 b, . . . , narrowband light image at λ_(f) 11 f. Equivalently although not shown here, other means such as a grating structure could be used to effect the spectral wavelength separation as well. The hyper-spectral light image 11 is then focused onto an areal image sensor 5 having imager row-1 5 a, imager row-2 5 b, . . . , imager row-M 5 f corresponding to the numerous wavelength separated components 11 a-11 f and converting them into output electrical image signals with an overall photoelectric signal gain (GOA) for later analysis. In general, the GOA of an image sensor is defined as the following ratio:

output image signal voltage/incoming image light exposure energy.

As an illustrated example, narrowband light image at λ_(a) 11 a might correspond to a wavelength of 400 nanometer (nm), narrowband light image at λ_(b) 11 b might correspond to a wavelength of 401 nm and narrowband light image at λ_(f) 11 f might correspond to a wavelength of 900 nm. While a conventional areal image sensor implements a uniform GOA for all its sensor pixels, such traditional implementation will result in substantial image signal distortion when applied to the hyper-spectral imaging environment 1. This image signal distortion is rooted in a non-uniform (non-flat) spectral response of practically all photoelectric sensor elements of which a silicon spectral responsivity 15 is qualitatively illustrated in FIG. B. The Y-axis is spectral responsivity in ampere/watt while the X-axis is incoming light wavelength in nm. Thus, as a single cited example, the spectral responsivity near 800 nm is substantially higher than that near 500 nm. More quantitatively, the silicon spectral response variation is close to 5 times at wavelengths of higher responsivity than those at lower responsivity. To correct for this spectral responsivity rooted image signal distortion, post-imager software data compensation has been used in the past. As the post-imager software data compensation normally consumes significant power and energy, it is undesirable in sensitive applications such as satellite. A solution is desired for hyper-spectral imaging that preserves high signal fidelity, is compact and energy efficient.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

An areal active pixel image sensor (AAPS) with programmable row-specific gain is proposed. The AAPS converts an incoming hyper-spectral light image into a corresponding video output signal (VOS). The AAPS includes:

-   -   a) An imaging array having M-rows×N-columns (M>1, N>=1) of         active pixel sensor (APS) elements APS_(jk) (=1, 2, . . . , M         and k=1, 2, . . . , N) each capable of photoelectrically         converting and integrating an incident pixel light of the         hyper-spectral light image into a photoelectric signal PES_(jk)         through an integration time period TNT_(jk). The conversion         results in a photoelectric signal gain of GPE_(jk).     -   b) A video output signal conditioner (VOSC), coupled to the         imaging array, for multiplexing and amplifying the photoelectric         signals PES_(jk) into the VOS with an electric signal gain of         GEE_(jk).     -   c) The VOSC further programmably sets at least one of GPE_(jk)         and GEE_(jk) to be row-specific in that:         -   c1) In case of row-specific GPE_(jk), for each row index j,             GPE_(j1)=GPE_(j2)==GPE_(jN).         -   c2) In case of row-specific GEE_(jk), for each row index j,             GEE_(j1)=GEE_(j2)==GEE_(jN).             Consequently, the AAPS exhibits an overall photoelectric             signal gain of GOA_(jk)=GPE_(jk)×GEE_(jk) that is             row-specific thus capable of compensating for image signal             distortion caused by non-uniform spectral response of the             APS elements during hyper-spectral imaging.

For setting the GEE_(jk) to be row-specific, the VOSC further includes:

-   -   An electric signal gain (GEE)-calibration memory for storing the         row-specific GEE_(jk).     -   A control interface coupled to the GEE-calibration memory for         programming/retrieving the row-specific GEE_(jk) into/from the         GEE-calibration memory.     -   A VOS-generator, coupled to the imaging array and the control         interface, for multiplexing and amplifying the photoelectric         signals PES_(jk), each by its respective electric signal gain of         GEE_(jk) synchronously retrieved from the GEE-calibration         memory, into the VOS. The VOS-generator further includes a         programmable gain amplifier (PGA) coupled to and amplifies the         multiplexed photoelectric signals PES_(jk). In a more specific         embodiment, the control interface further includes an         inter-integrated circuit (I²C) interface and the PGA is a         switched capacitor PGA.         In a refined embodiment, in addition to the GEE_(jk) the         VOS-generator further amplifies all the photoelectric signals         PES_(jk) by a selectable coarse gain factor GEE_(C).

In another embodiment, the control interface further sets the AAPS into the following operating modes:

-   -   1. Normal imaging mode wherein all the GEE_(jk) are set equal to         one (1).     -   2. Row-specific gain mode wherein each GEE_(jk) is retrieved         from the GEE-calibration memory.     -   3. Power down mode wherein, other than the control interface,         all other components of the AAPS are powered down to save power.

In another embodiment, the VOS-generator further includes a serial connection of sample-and-hold (S/H) and analog-to-digital converter (ADC) coupled to the output of the PGA to produce a digital VOS.

In another embodiment, each APS_(jk) further includes a photo-detector element switchably coupled to a serial connection of a resettable capacitive trans-impedance amplifier (CTIA) and a correlated double sampling (CDS) circuit. As a result, each APS_(jk) produces the photoelectric signal PES_(jk) with high photoelectric gain and linearity, substantial absence of Reset kTC noise, fixed pattern noise suppression and minimized effect from dark leakage thus suitable for snap shot imaging with long integration time period TNT_(jk). In a more specific embodiment, the pixel size of each APS_(jk) is from about 20 micron×20 micron to about 150 micron×150 micron.

In another embodiment, the AAPS further includes numerous dummy pixel sensors (DPS) bordering the imaging array for, in combination with the APS elements APS_(jk), dark voltage cancellation (DVC) from the photoelectric signals PES_(jk).

For setting the GPE_(jk) to be row-specific, the VOSC further includes:

-   -   A photoelectric signal gain (GPE)-calibration memory for storing         the row-specific GPE_(jk).     -   A control interface coupled to the GPE-calibration memory for         programming/retrieving the row-specific GPE_(jk) into/from the         GPE-calibration memory.     -   A VOS-generator coupled to the imaging array and the control         interface. The VOS-generator performs the following functions:     -   c11) Corresponding to each APS element APS_(jk):         -   1. Synchronously retrieving its row-specific GPE_(jk) from             the GPE-calibration memory.         -   2. Calculating a corresponding integration time period             TNT_(jk) that, when applied through the APS_(jk), would             cause it to produce the desired row-specific GPE_(jk).         -   3. Applying the calculated TNT_(jk) through the APS_(jk) to             produce a corresponding PES_(jk).     -   c12) Multiplexing the photoelectric signals PES_(jk) into the         VOS.

In another embodiment, the control interface further sets the AAPS into the following operating modes:

-   -   1. Normal imaging mode wherein all the GPE_(jk) are set equal to         a single pre-determined value.     -   2. Row-specific gain mode wherein each GPE_(jk) is retrieved         from the GPE-calibration memory.     -   3. Power down mode wherein, other than the control interface,         all other components of the AAPS are powered down to save power.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

These and other aspects of the invention will now be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein:

FIG. A and FIG. B illustrate a hyper-spectral imaging environment with an areal image sensor together with its non-uniform spectral response when its photoelectric sensor elements are made of silicon;

FIG. 1 illustrates an overall architecture of the present invention areal active pixel image sensor (AAPS) with programmable row-specific gain having an imaging array, a control interface and a video output signal (VOS)-generator;

FIG. 2 illustrates, as part of the AAPS, an imaging array of active pixel sensor (APS) elements plus numerous dummy pixel sensors (DPS) bordering the imaging array for dark voltage cancellation (DVC) from the APS photoelectric signals;

FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating the circuit architecture of the imaging array plus an output signal buffer multiplexer;

FIG. 4 illustrates a next level circuit detail of each APS element;

FIG. 5 is a partial block diagram of the VOS-generator illustrating DVC and the amplification of photoelectric signals by a selectable coarse gain plus a programmable fine gain with a programmable gain amplifier (PGA);

FIG. 6 illustrates an embodiment of the PGA using full differential binary weighted switched-capacitor banks; and

FIG. 7 shows the electric signal gain of the PGA as embodied in FIG. 6.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The description above and below plus the drawings contained herein merely focus on one or more currently preferred embodiments of the present invention and also describe some exemplary optional features and/or alternative embodiments. The description and drawings are presented for the purpose of illustration and, as such, are not limitations of the present invention. Thus, those of ordinary skill in the art would readily recognize variations, modifications, and alternatives. Such variations, modifications and alternatives should be understood to be also within the scope of the present invention.

FIG. 1 illustrates an overall architecture of the present invention areal active pixel image sensor (AAPS) 50 with programmable row-specific gain. The AAPS 50 converts an incoming hyper-spectral light image 11 (see FIG. A) into a corresponding video output signal (VOS) that can be either a serial VOS 150 a or a parallel VOS 150 b by selection. The AAPS 50 is a mixed signal photoelectric imaging system with its numerous analog, digital and mixed signal functional components marked with corresponding cross hatches for clarity of illustration. The AAPS 50 has an areal imaging array 52 for photoelectrically converting and integrating an incident pixel light of the hyper-spectral light image 11 into a corresponding photoelectric signal. For this particular case of illustration, the imaging array 52 has 512-rows×256-columns of active pixel sensor (APS) elements APS_(jk) (j=1, 2, . . . , 512 and k=1, 2, . . . , 256) each capable of photoelectrically converting and integrating an incident pixel light through an integration time period TNT_(jk) into a corresponding photoelectric signal PES_(jk) with a photoelectric signal gain of GPE_(jk). More structural details of the APS will be presently described. The AAPS 50 has a video output signal conditioner (VOSC) 58, itself having a unity gain amplifier (UGA) array 56 coupled to the imaging array 52, for multiplexing and amplifying the photoelectric signals PES_(jk) into the VOS with an electric signal gain of GEE_(jk).

Importantly, the VOSC 58 can programmably set at least one of the GPE_(jk) and GEE_(jk) to be row-specific. That is, in the case of row-specific GPE_(jk), for each row index j:

GPE_(j1)=GPE_(j2)= . . . =GPE_(j256)

On the other hand, in the case of row-specific GEE_(jk), for each row index j:

GEE_(j1)=GEE_(j2)= . . . =GEE_(j256)

In this way, the AAPS 50 exhibits an overall photoelectric signal gain of:

GOA _(jk) =GPE _(jk) ×GEE _(jk)

that is row-specific hence capable of compensating for signal distortion during hyper-spectral imaging. In a specific preferred embodiment the GEE_(jk) can be set within a range of 1 to 5 with a 7-bit resolution for gain increment. The VOSC 58 further includes a control interface 100 and a video output signal (VOS)-generator 59. The control interface 100 is coupled to a GEE-calibration memory, static random access memory (SRAM) 104, of the VOS-generator 59 for programming and retrieving the row-specific GEE_(jk) into and from the SRAM 104. Hence, the SRAM 104 stores gain compensation data corresponding to the spectral response characteristics of the APS elements. In a preferred embodiment, the control interface 100 is an Inter-Integrated Circuit (I²C) interface, an industry standard interface commonly used in the field of integrated circuits. The various signal components of the control interface 100 are:

-   -   HG for selecting a discrete value of coarse electric signal gain         GEE     -   EN_DVC for enabling a dark voltage cancellation (DVC) 65         circuitry of the VOS-generator 59     -   V_SEL for selecting an input voltage source to an         analog-to-digital converter (ADC) 68 of the VOS-generator 59     -   D_SEL for selecting a VOS data format (serial VOS 150 a or         parallel VOS 150 b)     -   OP_MODE for setting the AAPS 50 into various operating modes

The status of the above numerous device settings are further readable through the control interface 100. The various functional components of the VOS-generator 59 are further described next. Low voltage differential signal receiver (LVDS RX) 80 a inputs the following differential signals for underlying system clocking and photoelectric signal conversion and integration by the APS:

CLK+, CLK− System clock base EP+, EP− APS exposure control pulse input SP+, SP− APS start pulse input

Reference is made to U.S. Ser. No. 11/869,732 for further details of the timing mechanism of the APS photoelectric signal conversion and integration process. Timing generator 51 takes input from the LVDS RX 80 a and generates additionally required operational timing signals internal to the VOSC 58 for the following functions:

Various operating modes

Imaging array 52 control

APS photoelectric signal readout

Automatic exposure control, DVC and gain control

ADC and data formatting

row-specific gain loading via control interface 100

External output timing for VOS

In particular, the timing generator 51 generates the timing signals for synchronously clocking a row shift register 54 a, a column shift register 54 b and a data accessing address of the SRAM 104. The row shift register 54 a and the column shift register 54 b, both coupled to the imaging array 52, in turn cause a corresponding sequential, pixel-by-pixel readout of photoelectric signals PES_(jk) from the imaging array 52. The thus clocked out photoelectric signals PES_(jk), after going through the UGA array 56 and a buffer multiplexer (MUX) 62, get amplified by a programmable gain amplifier (PGA) 64 with its gain equal to a corresponding row-specific electric signal gain GEE_(jk) read from the SRAM 104. In this way, the AAPS 50 realizes the case of row-specific GEE_(jk) compensating for image signal distortion caused by non-uniform spectral response of the APS elements during hyper-spectral imaging.

Although not specifically illustrated here to avoid excessive obscuring details, to those skilled in the art, the alternative case of row-specific GPE_(jk) compensating for image signal distortion can be implemented by instead storing then retrieving row-specific integration time period TNT_(jk) via the SRAM 104. The row-specific TNT_(jk) is then used for photoelectric signal conversion and integration into photoelectric signals PES_(jk) by the active pixel sensor elements APS_(jk). For simplicity of implementation here, the PGA 64 gain can now be set equal to a pre-determined constant. Alternatively, the SRAM 104 can be used to store then retrieve row-specific GPE_(jk). Corresponding to each APS_(jk), the VOS-generator 59 can then:

-   -   1. Synchronously retrieve its row-specific GPE_(jk) from SRAM         104.     -   2. Calculate a corresponding integration time period TNT_(jk)         that, when applied through the APS_(jk), would cause it to         produce the desired row-specific GPE_(jk). The calculation can         also amount to a table look up based upon a pre-determined         calibration data of the APS_(jk).     -   3. Apply the calculated TNT_(jk) through the APS_(jk) to produce         a desired PES_(jk).

Coupled to the output of PGA 64 is a serial connection of sample-and-hold (S/H) 66, analog-to-digital converter (ADC) 68 and data format 70 for converting the now properly amplified analog photoelectric signals into their digital representation and formatting the digital representation for final output. In one preferred embodiment, the ADC 68 is of 12-bit pipeline type for its high speed, high accuracy and low noise characteristics. The final output is selectable between a parallel VOS 150 b and a serial VOS 150 a delivered through an Low voltage differential signal transmitter (LVDS TX) 80 b for increased noise immunity. As briefly mentioned before, the function of a dark voltage cancellation (DVC) 65 circuitry can be enabled through signal component EN_DVC of the control interface 100. More details of dark voltage cancellation will be presently described.

As briefly mentioned before, the AAPS 50 can be set with control signal OP_MODE to operate in the following modes:

1. Normal imaging mode.

2. Row-specific gain mode.

3. Power down mode.

In normal imaging mode all GEE_(jk) are set equal to one (1) with the AAPS 50 behave like a traditional areal imager with no row-specific gain for spectral response compensation. In row-specific gain mode the GEE_(jk) are retrieved from the SRAM 104 thus made row-specific as described above. However, in power down mode, other than the control interface 100 itself, all other components of the AAPS 50 are powered down to save electrical power.

FIG. 2 illustrates a specific example of the imaging array 52 of active pixel sensor (APS) elements plus numerous dummy pixel sensors (DPS) bordering the imaging array 52. The imaging array 52 has an active image array size of 512 rows×256 columns APS elements: APS₁₋₁, APS₁₋₂, . . . , APS₅₁₂₋₁, APS₅₁₂₋₂, . . . , APS₅₁₂₋₂₅₆. However, the imaging array 52 contains additional DPS elements bordering the active image array for, in combination with the APS_(jk) elements, dark voltage cancellation from the photoelectric signals PES_(jk). The DPS elements are the same as the APS_(jk) elements except for their coverage with a light shielding opaque material hence they function to provide a dark reference voltage and to eliminate an associated edge effect. More discussion on DVC will be presently described. Including the DPS elements, the full imaging array 52 has a total of 516 rows and 286 columns, with extra 4 DPS rows 30 DPS columns. As illustrated by the inset, each APS element has a 50 micron×50 micron pixel size with a 50 micron elemental pitch along both horizontal and vertical direction. This pixel size is substantially larger than that employed in a traditional areal imager (about 5 micron×5 micron), for reasons to be presently described.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating the circuit architecture of the imaging array 52 plus an output signal buffer multiplexer (MUX) 62. As remarked before, the imaging array 52 has 516 row×286 column networked APS elements: APS₁₋₁, APS₁₋₂, APS₁₋₃, APS₁₋₄, . . . . Each APS_(jk) element photoelectrically converts and integrates a corresponding incident pixel light into a photoelectric signal PES_(jk). The buffer MUX 62 further includes a serial connection of array signal dump 62 a and dual charge integrating buffer amplifier 62 b for isolating parasitic capacitance at each APS_(jk) output line. The array signal dump 62 a includes 286 column buffer drivers (CBD) each for a column of APS elements of the imaging array 52: CBD₁, CBD₂, . . . , CBD₂₈₆. As all APS signals of the imaging array 52 go through the single dual charge integrating buffer amplifier 62 b, the fixed pattern noise is essentially eliminated.

FIG. 4 illustrates a next level circuit detail of APS 300 for photoelectric signal conversion and integration. As the light intensity of hyper-spectral light image 11 is usually very low, it requires both snap shot image capture and a long integration time, normally longer than 1 second. For those skilled in the art, snap shot image capture means simultaneously starting and stopping photoelectric signal conversion and integration for all pixels of the imaging array 52. To meet these requirements, each APS 300 is designed to have a photo-detector element 304 switchably coupled, through a transfer control switch 306, to a serial connection of a resettable capacitive trans-impedance amplifier (CTIA) 308 and a correlated double sampling (CDS) circuit 310. As described with more details in U.S. Ser. No. 11/869,732, the resulting APS 300, being fully integrated as part of each APS_(jk) element, is capable of photoelectrically converting an incident pixel light 302 with high photoelectric gain and linearity, substantial absence of Reset kTC noise, fixed pattern noise suppression and minimized effect from dark leakage thus suitable for both snap shot image capture with a long integration time period TNT exceeding 1 second. On the other hand, due to this high level of photoelectric circuit integration into each APS_(jk) element, its pixel size can range from about 20 micron×20 micron to about 150 micron×150 micron that is substantially larger than an otherwise traditional areal imager pixel (about 5 micron×5 micron).

FIG. 5 is a partial block diagram of the VOS-generator 59 illustrating dark voltage cancellation and a gain stage 72 that amplifies buffered differential photoelectric signals 63 by a selectable coarse gain setting HG 72 a plus a programmable fine gain with a programmable 7-BIT PGA 72 d. The gain stage 72 has a serial connection of coarse gain 72 b, 7-BIT PGA 72 d and dark voltage cancellation DVC 65. Depending upon the coarse gain setting HG 72 a, the coarse gain 72 b amplifies the buffered PES 63 by a selectable, discrete coarse gain factor GEE_(C). In one embodiment, the coarse gain setting HG 72 a is 1-bit with GEE_(C) being either ×1 or ×2. In another embodiment, the 7-BIT PGA 72 d further amplifies the buffered PES 63 by a selectable, fine gain factor GEE_(F) within a range of ×1 to ×5 according to the value of the 7-bit row-specific gain setting 72 c. Under the control of digital signal EN_DVC 72 e, the DVC 65 circuitry can be optionally enabled or disabled (bypassed). When DVC 65 is bypassed, the output of 7-BIT PGA 72 d gets subtracted with subtract output range 74, by an amount equal to a differential dark reference signal V(rf)=V(rf+)−V(rf−) 65 a, and is then sent to the ADC 68. However, when the DVC 65 is enabled, the subtracted amount would equal to the average value of an adder inside the DVC 65. With the DVC 65 enabled, its operating mechanism is further described next.

The photoelectric charge (Q_(d)) generated from a dark leakage current I_(d) of a dummy pixel sensor (DPS) is:

Q _(d) =I _(d) *TNT

Where TNT is the photoelectric signal integration time as defined before. The photoelectric charge (Q_(a)) generated from light current I_(l) of an active pixel sensor (APS) is:

Q _(a)=(I _(l) +I _(d))*TNT

Where I_(l) is a light current generated from a pixel light while I_(d) is the dark leakage current of the APS, same as that of the DPS. It follows that the dark voltage generated on the DPS, illustrated here as a differential dark reference signal 65 a, is the same as that generated on an APS nearby. Therefore, by clamping the APS photoelectric voltage on its nearby dark reference signal 65 a, an undesirable signal distortion due to the dark leakage current I_(d) is subtracted out from the desired pixel video signal.

FIG. 6 illustrates an embodiment of the PGA in the topology of a switched capacitor PGA 200 with differential inputs V(IN+) 202 a and V(IN−) 202 b for high noise immunity. The switched capacitor PGA 200 employs full differential binary weighted switched-capacitor banks +side binary capacitor bank 204 a and −side binary capacitor bank 204 b at its input side. Both capacitor banks 204 a and 204 b are switchably controlled for a desired equivalent capacitance value under a 7-bit gain control 206. Next, a +side resettable charge integration loop 208 a and a −side resettable charge integration loop 208 b couple with an operational amplifier (OpAmp) 210 and the capacitor banks 204 a and 204 b deliver final PGA differential outputs V(OUT+) and V(OUT−) with the following generalized transfer function:

${V({out})} = {{- \frac{{C\left( {{2^{0}b_{0}} + {2^{1}b_{1}} + \ldots + {2^{n - 1}b_{n - 1}}} \right)} + C_{0}}{Cf}}*{V({in})}}$

where (b0, b1, . . . , bn−1) is an n-bit binary vector reflecting the switching state (open/close) of the capacitor banks 204 a and 204 b. CO is a fixed capacitor for setting the minimum gain of the switched capacitor PGA 200 when b0=b1= . . . =bn−1=0. C is a capacitance unit defining the quantization of capacitance range used in the switched capacitor PGA 200. The differential outputs V(OUT+) and V(OUT−) of the switched capacitor PGA 200 are further resettable through reference reset switches 212 a, 212 b and a reference voltage VREF 214. In this particular embodiment, the electric signal gain of the switched capacitor PGA 200 is programmable through a range from ×1 to ×5 with a 7-bit resolution. The electric signal gain of the switched capacitor PGA 200 is shown in FIG. 7. The associated gain non-linearity is better than 0.1%.

While the invention has been described in detail by reference to the preferred embodiment described above, it is understood that variations and modifications thereof may be made without departing from the true spirit and scope of the invention. 

1. An areal active pixel image sensor (AAPS) with programmable row-specific gain for converting an incoming hyper-spectral light image into a corresponding video output signal (VOS), the AAPS comprises: a) an imaging array further comprising M-rows×N-columns (M>1, N>=1) of active pixel sensor (APS) elements APS_(jk) (j=1, 2, . . . , M and k=1, 2, . . . , N) each capable of photoelectrically converting and integrating an incident pixel light of the hyper-spectral light image, through an integration time period TNT_(jk), into a corresponding photoelectric signal PES_(jk) with a photoelectric signal gain of GPE_(jk); b) a video output signal conditioner (VOSC), coupled to the imaging array, for multiplexing and amplifying said photoelectric signals PES_(jk) into the VOS with an electric signal gain of GEE_(jk); and c) said VOSC further programmably sets at least one of said GPE_(jk) and GEE_(jk) to be row-specific in that: c1) in case of row-specific GPE_(jk), for each row index j, GPE_(j1)=GPE_(j2)= . . . =GPE_(jN); and c2) in case of row-specific GEE_(jk), for each row index j, GEE_(j1)=GEE_(j2)= . . . =GEE_(jN) whereby the AAPS exhibits an overall photoelectric signal gain of GOA_(jk)=GPE_(jk)×GEE_(jk) that is row-specific hence capable of compensating for a problem caused by non-uniform spectral response of the APS elements during hyper-spectral imaging.
 2. The AAPS of claim 1, where said GEE_(jk) are set to be row-specific, the VOSC further comprises: an electric signal gain (GEE)-calibration memory for storing the row-specific GEE_(jk); a control interface coupled to the GEE-calibration memory for programming/retrieving the row-specific GEE_(jk) into/from the GEE-calibration memory; and a VOS-generator, coupled to the imaging array and the control interface, for multiplexing and amplifying said photoelectric signals PES_(jk), each by its respective electric signal gain of GEE_(jk) synchronously retrieved from the GEE-calibration memory, into the VOS.
 3. The AAPS of claim 2 wherein, in addition to the GEE_(jk), the VOS-generator further amplifies all said photoelectric signals PES_(jk) by a selectable coarse gain factor GEE_(C).
 4. The AAPS of claim 2 wherein the VOS-generator further comprises a programmable gain amplifier (PGA) coupled to and amplifies the multiplexed photoelectric signals PES_(jk).
 5. The AAPS of claim 4 wherein said PGA is a switched capacitor PGA.
 6. The AAPS of claim 2 wherein said control interface further sets the AAPS into the following operating modes: 1) normal imaging mode wherein all said GEE_(jk) are set equal to one (1); 2) row-specific gain mode wherein each GEE_(jk) is retrieved from the GEE-calibration memory; and 3) power down mode wherein, other than the control interface, all other components of the AAPS are powered down to save power.
 7. The AAPS of claim 4 wherein the VOS-generator further comprises a serial connection of sample-and-hold (S/H) and analog-to-digital converter (ADC) coupled to the output of said PGA to produce a digital VOS.
 8. The AAPS of claim 2 wherein said control interface further comprises an inter-integrated circuit (I²C) interface.
 9. The AAPS of claim 1 wherein each APS_(jk) further comprises a photo-detector element switchably coupled to a serial connection of a resettable capacitive trans-impedance amplifier (CTIA) and a correlated double sampling (CDS) circuit whereby said APS_(jk) produces the photoelectric signal PES_(jk) with high photoelectric gain and linearity, substantial absence of Reset kTC noise, fixed pattern noise suppression and minimized effect from dark leakage thus suitable for snap shot imaging with long integration time period TNT_(jk).
 10. The AAPS of claim 9 further comprises a plurality of dummy pixel sensors (DPS) bordering the imaging array for, in combination with the APS elements APS_(jk), dark voltage cancellation (DVC) from the photoelectric signals PES_(jk).
 11. The AAPS of claim 9 where the pixel size of each APS_(jk) is from about 20 micron×20 micron to about 150 micron×150 micron.
 12. The AAPS of claim 1, where said GPE_(jk) are set to be row-specific, the VOSC further comprises: a photoelectric signal gain (GPE)-calibration memory for storing the row-specific GPE_(jk); a control interface coupled to the GPE-calibration memory for programming/retrieving the row-specific GPE_(jk) into/from the GPE-calibration memory; and a VOS-generator, coupled to the imaging array and the control interface, for, c11) corresponding to each APS element APS_(jk): 1) synchronously retrieving its row-specific GPE_(jk) from the GPE-calibration memory; 2) calculating a corresponding integration time period TNT_(jk) that, when applied through the APS_(jk), would cause it to produce the desired row-specific GPE_(jk); and 3) applying the calculated TNT_(jk) through the APS_(jk) to produce a corresponding PES_(jk); and c12) multiplexing the photoelectric signals PES_(jk) into the VOS.
 13. The AAPS of claim 12 wherein said control interface further sets the AAPS into the following operating modes: 1) normal imaging mode wherein all said GPE_(jk) are set equal to a single pre-determined value; 2) row-specific gain mode wherein each GPE_(jk) is retrieved from the GPE-calibration memory; and 3) power down mode wherein, other than the control interface, all other components of the AAPS are powered down to save power.
 14. The AAPS of claim 12 wherein the VOS-generator further comprises a serial connection of sample-and-hold (S/H) and analog-to-digital converter (ADC) to produce a digital VOS.
 15. The AAPS of claim 12 wherein said control interface further comprises an inter-integrated circuit (I²C) interface. 